My Party Platform Activity

Scenario:

Imagine you and your group are founding a brand new political party in your community or even nationwide! You want to address important issues and make a real difference.

Your Task (Group Discussion):

As a group, discuss and create the core elements of your new political party. Use the prompts below to guide your discussion.

1. Party Name: What is your party called? Choose a name that reflects your values and goals.
   
   
   
   

2. Core Values/Motto: What are the fundamental beliefs or principles that guide your party? Create a short motto or slogan.
   
   
   
   

3. Top 3 Key Issues: Identify three major issues that your party would prioritize. These could be local, national, or even global issues that you feel strongly about.
   
   
   
   
   
   

4. Platform Plank 1: (Issue 1)

   • Problem: Briefly describe the problem related to your first key issue.
   • Solution: What specific action or policy would your party propose to address this problem?
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

5. Platform Plank 2: (Issue 2)

   • Problem: Briefly describe the problem related to your second key issue.
   • Solution: What specific action or policy would your party propose to address this problem?
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

6. Platform Plank 3: (Issue 3)

   • Problem: Briefly describe the problem related to your third key issue.
   • Solution: What specific action or policy would your party propose to address this problem?
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

7. Target Audience: Who would your party appeal to most? (e.g., students, families, business owners, environmentalists, etc.) Why?
   
   
   
   
   
   

Be prepared to share your party's name and one key platform plank with the class!

AP Psychology Module 2.8 Intelligence Answer Key

Question 1: Which theory of intelligence proposes eight independent intelligences, including musical, bodily-kinesthetic, and naturalistic?

Correct Answer: Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

• Explanation: Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences suggests that intelligence is not a single, general ability, but rather a collection of distinct intelligences that are relatively independent of each other. These include linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences.

Question 2: Fluid intelligence refers to our ability to:

Correct Answer: Reason speedily and abstractly, and solve novel problems

• Explanation: Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason quickly and think abstractly to solve novel problems, independent of acquired knowledge. It involves skills like problem-solving, pattern recognition, and adapting to new situations. This ability tends to decrease with age.

Question 3: Explain the concept of emotional intelligence and why it is considered important in various aspects of life.

• Emotional Intelligence (EQ): Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. It encompasses four key components: perceiving emotions (recognizing them in faces, music, stories), understanding emotions (predicting them and how they change), managing emotions (knowing how to express them in varied situations), and using emotions (to enable adaptive or creative thinking).
• Importance: Emotional intelligence is considered important because it contributes significantly to personal and professional success beyond traditional academic intelligence. Individuals with high EQ tend to have better relationships, navigate social complexities more effectively, manage stress, resolve conflicts, and achieve greater career success. It fosters empathy, self-awareness, motivation, and social skills, which are crucial for effective functioning in a diverse and interconnected world.

Question 4: What is the term for a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100?

Correct Answer: Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

• Explanation: The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) was originally defined by William Stern as the ratio of mental age (MA) to chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100 (IQ = MA/CA x 100). This formula was primarily used for children. Modern IQ tests use different scoring methods, comparing an individual's score to the average score of people in their age group.

Question 5: Compare and contrast two different theories of intelligence (e.g., Spearman's G vs. Gardner's Multiple Intelligences).

• Spearman's G Factor (General Intelligence): Charles Spearman proposed that a single general intelligence (g factor) underlies all mental abilities. He believed that if you are intelligent in one area, you tend to be intelligent in others because of this underlying 'g'. Specific abilities (s factors) are also present but are less important than 'g'. It emphasizes a unitary view of intelligence.
• Gardner's Multiple Intelligences: Howard Gardner challenged the idea of a single general intelligence, proposing instead that people possess multiple, relatively independent intelligences (e.g., linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic). He argued that individuals can excel in one area while struggling in another, suggesting a more diverse array of cognitive strengths.
• Comparison (Similarities): Both theories attempt to explain the nature of intelligence and acknowledge that individuals have varying levels of intellectual capabilities. Both have influenced educational practices.
• Contrast (Differences): The fundamental difference lies in their scope: Spearman's theory is a unitary model, suggesting one general intelligence, whereas Gardner's is a pluralistic model, proposing multiple distinct intelligences. Spearman's 'g' can be measured by a single IQ score, while Gardner's theory suggests that intelligence cannot be captured by a single number and requires assessment across various domains. Gardner's theory has been praised for its broader view of human potential but criticized for its lack of empirical support for the independence of its intelligences, a criticism not typically leveled against the more empirically robust 'g' factor.

Personality Chapter 14 Answer Key

Question 1: According to Freud, which part of the personality operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification?

Correct Answer: Id

• Explanation: The id is the most primitive part of the personality, entirely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, striving for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs.

Question 2: Which of the following is NOT one of the the 'Big Five' personality traits?

Correct Answer: Self-Actualization

• Explanation: The Big Five personality traits are Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN). Self-actualization is a concept from humanistic psychology, particularly associated with Maslow.

Question 3: Carl Rogers believed that people are motivated to achieve their full potential, a concept he called:

Correct Answer: Self-Actualization

• Explanation: Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychologist, emphasized the inherent tendency of people to develop their capacities and talents, which he referred to as self-actualization.

Question 4: Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies used by the ego to:

Correct Answer: Reduce anxiety by distorting reality

• Explanation: Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies employed by the ego to cope with anxiety and maintain a positive self-image by distorting or denying reality.

Question 5: Albert Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism suggests that personality is shaped by the interaction of personal factors, environmental factors, and:

Correct Answer: Behavior

• Explanation: Reciprocal determinism is a central concept in Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, stating that personality is a product of the interaction between an individual's behavior, personal factors (like thoughts and feelings), and environmental factors.

Question 6: The ego operates on the __________ principle, which seeks to gratify the id's impulses in realistic ways.

Correct Answer: Reality

• Explanation: The ego, according to Freud, operates on the reality principle, which aims to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways, often delaying gratification.

Question 7: According to Freud, the oral stage of psychosexual development focuses on pleasure centers on the:

Correct Answer: Mouth

• Explanation: The oral stage (birth to 1 year) is Freud's first stage, where the infant's primary source of interaction and pleasure comes from the mouth, through sucking, biting, and feeding.

Question 8: Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history is called the:

Correct Answer: Collective unconscious

• Explanation: Carl Jung proposed the concept of the collective unconscious, a common reservoir of images, archetypes, or memory traces, shared by all humans, inherited from our ancestral past.

Question 9: A person who is imaginative, prefers variety, and is independent would likely score high on which Big Five trait?

Correct Answer: Openness to Experience

• Explanation: Openness to Experience is one of the Big Five traits characterized by imagination, intellectual curiosity, creativity, and a preference for novelty and variety.

Question 10: Eysenck's personality dimensions included all of the following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: Openness-Closedness

• Explanation: Hans Eysenck proposed three main dimensions of personality: Extraversion-Introversion, Neuroticism-Stability, and Psychoticism-Superego. Openness-Closedness is part of the Big Five theory, not Eysenck's.

Question 11: The humanistic perspective emphasizes the importance of:

Correct Answer: Self-determination and self-realization

• Explanation: The humanistic perspective in psychology, championed by theorists like Maslow and Rogers, emphasizes the inherent goodness of people and their striving for self-determination and self-realization.

Question 12: According to Abraham Maslow, the process of fulfilling our potential is known as:

Correct Answer: Self-actualization

• Explanation: Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs culminates in self-actualization, which is the motivation to fulfill one's potential and become the best version of oneself.

Question 13: A projective test, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, aims to:

Correct Answer: Assess unconscious thoughts and feelings

• Explanation: Projective tests present ambiguous stimuli (like inkblots) to individuals, who then describe what they see. The aim is to project their inner thoughts, feelings, and unconscious conflicts onto the stimuli.

Question 14: Which of the following is a key characteristic of a self-report inventory?

Correct Answer: It involves a series of questions or statements about oneself

• Explanation: Self-report inventories are personality assessment tools where individuals respond to a series of questions or statements about their own behaviors, thoughts, and feelings, providing a direct assessment of their traits.

Question 15: Julian Rotter's concept of locus of control refers to:

Correct Answer: The degree to which people believe they control their own fate

• Explanation: Julian Rotter's concept of locus of control refers to the extent to which individuals believe they have control over the events that affect their lives. It can be internal (belief in self-control) or external (belief in external forces).

Question 16: Individuals with an external locus of control are more likely to believe that:

Correct Answer: Luck and external forces control their destiny

• Explanation: People with an external locus of control tend to believe that external forces, such as luck, fate, or powerful others, determine their outcomes, rather than their own efforts or actions.

Question 17: The Oedipus complex is a term coined by Freud to describe a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. This typically occurs during which psychosexual stage?

Correct Answer: Phallic

• Explanation: The Oedipus complex is a key concept in Freud's phallic stage (3-6 years), where boys are said to develop sexual desires for their mothers and rivalry towards their fathers.

Question 18: Which defense mechanism involves retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage?

Correct Answer: Regression

• Explanation: Regression is a defense mechanism where an individual faced with anxiety or stress retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

Question 19: Karen Horney emphasized the importance of __________ in personality development, contrasting with Freud's emphasis on sexual drives.

Correct Answer: Social and cultural forces

• Explanation: Karen Horney, a neo-Freudian, challenged Freud's male-centric views and emphasized the profound impact of social and cultural factors, particularly early social relationships, on personality development.

Question 20: According to the trait perspective, personality can be described by a combination of stable and enduring:

Correct Answer: Characteristics

• Explanation: The trait perspective views personality as a combination of various stable and enduring characteristics or dispositions that lead to consistent patterns of behavior.

Question 21: Someone who is organized, careful, and disciplined would score high on which Big Five trait?

Correct Answer: Conscientiousness

• Explanation: Conscientiousness is a Big Five trait characterized by organization, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, and goal-directed behavior.

Question 22: The concept of self-efficacy, as proposed by Albert Bandura, refers to a person's belief in their ability to:

Correct Answer: Perform a specific task successfully

• Explanation: Self-efficacy, a concept from Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, refers to an individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments.

Question 23: Which of the following is a criticism often leveled against Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Correct Answer: It is difficult to test scientifically

• Explanation: A common criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is its lack of falsifiability; many of its concepts are abstract and difficult to test empirically or scientifically.

Question 24: The tendency to accept more responsibility for success than for failure is known as the:

Correct Answer: Self-serving bias

• Explanation: The self-serving bias is the common human tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors (e.g., ability, effort) and one's failures to external factors (e.g., bad luck, task difficulty).

Question 25: Which assessment tool asks people to respond to a series of ambiguous images, such as inkblots or pictures, in order to reveal their inner feelings?

Correct Answer: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

• Explanation: The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective psychological test in which a person's responses to ambiguous pictures are thought to reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world.

Myers' AP Psych 2.8 Intelligence Answer Key

Question 1: Which early psychologist proposed the concept of 'g' for general intelligence?

Correct Answer: Charles Spearman

• Explanation: Charles Spearman proposed the theory of general intelligence, or 'g', suggesting that a single underlying factor accounts for various intellectual abilities.

Question 2: Fluid intelligence is best described as the ability to:

Correct Answer: Reason speedily and abstractly to solve novel problems

• Explanation: Fluid intelligence refers to our ability to reason quickly and abstractly, especially when solving novel problems or understanding complex relationships, independent of acquired knowledge.

Question 3: Crystallized intelligence refers to:

Correct Answer: Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

• Explanation: Crystallized intelligence represents our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, which tend to increase with age. It is based on facts, experiences, and learned skills.

Question 4: Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: Practical intelligence

• Explanation: Howard Gardner's theory includes linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligences. Practical intelligence is part of Sternberg's triarchic theory.

Question 5: Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence proposes three intelligences: analytical, creative, and:

Correct Answer: Practical

• Explanation: Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence consists of three intelligences: analytical (academic problem-solving), creative (adapting to novel situations and generating new ideas), and practical (everyday tasks).

Question 6: The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is known as:

Correct Answer: Emotional intelligence

• Explanation: Emotional intelligence (EQ) is the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically.

Question 7: Who developed the first widely used intelligence test to identify children needing special attention?

Correct Answer: Alfred Binet

• Explanation: Alfred Binet, along with Theodore Simon, developed the first intelligence test in France to identify schoolchildren who needed special academic assistance.

Question 8: A person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100, gives their:

Correct Answer: Intelligence Quotient

• Explanation: The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) was originally calculated by William Stern using the formula (mental age / chronological age) * 100.

Question 9: Which of the following is a widely used intelligence test for adults?

Correct Answer: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

• Explanation: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is a widely used IQ test for adults and older adolescents. Other Wechsler scales include the WISC for children and WPPSI for preschoolers.

Question 10: Reliability in psychological testing refers to the test's ability to:

Correct Answer: Yield consistent results each time it is given

• Explanation: Reliability refers to the consistency of a research study or measuring test. If a test is reliable, it produces similar results under consistent conditions.

Question 11: Validity in psychological testing refers to the test's ability to:

Correct Answer: Measure what it's supposed to measure

• Explanation: Validity refers to the extent to which a test or experiment measures what it is intended to measure. A valid test accurately assesses the concept it claims to evaluate.

Question 12: The Flynn effect refers to the observed trend of:

Correct Answer: Rising average intelligence test scores over generations

• Explanation: The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century.

Question 13: A stereotype threat is best described as:

Correct Answer: A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

• Explanation: Stereotype threat is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group.

Question 14: Which of Gardner's intelligences would a successful architect likely score high in?

Correct Answer: Spatial

• Explanation: Spatial intelligence, according to Gardner, involves the ability to think in three dimensions, envisioning and manipulating mental images. Architects, sculptors, and navigators often exhibit high spatial intelligence.

Question 15: An individual with exceptional skill in a specific area despite overall intellectual limitations (e.g., in math or music) might be referred to as having:

Correct Answer: A savant syndrome

• Explanation: Savant syndrome is a condition in which a person with a developmental disability, such as an autism spectrum disorder, has exceptional abilities in one or more limited areas.

Question 16: The concept that intelligence is a single, general ability that underlies all specific mental abilities is most associated with:

Correct Answer: Spearman's 'g' factor

• Explanation: Charles Spearman's 'g' factor theory posits that a single, general intelligence underlies all intellectual abilities.

Question 17: A test designed to predict a person's future performance is called an:

Correct Answer: Aptitude test

• Explanation: Aptitude tests are designed to predict a person's future capacity to learn or perform a particular skill.

Question 18: A test designed to assess what a person has learned is called an:

Correct Answer: Achievement test

• Explanation: Achievement tests measure what a person has already learned or mastered in a particular subject or skill.

Question 19: Which factor is generally considered to have the least impact on an individual's intelligence?

Correct Answer: Birth order

• Explanation: While genetics, environment, and early nutrition are known to significantly influence intelligence, birth order has not been consistently shown to have a substantial impact on an individual's overall intellectual ability.

Question 20: Twin and adoption studies generally suggest that intelligence is influenced by:

Correct Answer: A complex interaction of genes and environment

• Explanation: Research involving twin and adoption studies consistently indicates that intelligence is a complex trait influenced by both genetic predispositions and environmental factors, which interact in intricate ways.

Question 21: The process of defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group is known as:

Correct Answer: Standardization

• Explanation: Standardization is the process of administering a test to a representative sample of future test-takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison of scores.

Question 22: Cultural bias in intelligence tests is most likely to be criticized for:

Correct Answer: Favoring individuals from certain cultural backgrounds

• Explanation: Cultural bias in intelligence tests refers to the tendency of some tests to favor individuals from certain cultural backgrounds or who have specific cultural experiences, potentially leading to unfair or inaccurate assessments for others.

Question 23: Which of the following is an example of an intelligence test that attempts to minimize cultural bias?

Correct Answer: Culture-fair tests that use non-verbal tasks

• Explanation: Culture-fair tests are designed to reduce cultural bias by using non-verbal tasks or items that are equally familiar to people from different cultural backgrounds.

Question 24: The idea that different forms of intelligence exist independently of each other (e.g., musical ability vs. logical reasoning) is central to the theories of:

Correct Answer: Howard Gardner

• Explanation: Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences explicitly proposes that various forms of intelligence are independent, meaning strength in one area does not necessarily predict strength in another.

Question 25: Someone who is skilled at navigating social situations, understanding others' emotions, and building strong relationships would likely have high:

Correct Answer: Interpersonal intelligence

• Explanation: Interpersonal intelligence, as defined by Gardner, is the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. Individuals with high interpersonal intelligence are often skilled in communication, empathy, and social interactions.

Decision Scenario: The Community Garden Dilemma

Scenario:

Your town has a small, unused plot of land in the center of a busy neighborhood. The town council has decided to turn it into a community space and has asked for proposals from local residents. Two main ideas have emerged:

Proposal A: A Vibrant Community Garden

• Pros: Provides fresh produce for residents, promotes healthy eating, fosters community bonding through shared work, green space for relaxation, attracts pollinators.
• Cons: Requires ongoing maintenance from volunteers, initial setup costs for soil and tools, limited access during planting/harvesting times, might not appeal to all residents.

Proposal B: A Modern Tech Hub with Free Wi-Fi

• Pros: Offers free internet access and computer resources, helps bridge the digital divide, provides a space for learning and skill development, attracts new businesses to the area, modernizes the town image.
• Cons: Higher initial setup and ongoing maintenance costs (electricity, tech support), less green space, might attract loitering if not managed well, potential for noise pollution from users.

Your Task (Group Discussion):

1. Read and Understand: Carefully read both proposals for the community space.
2. Identify Key Stakeholders: Who would be most affected by each decision? (e.g., elderly residents, families with children, local businesses, students)
3. Apply Decision-Making Models:
   • Which decision-making model (rational, intuitive, or collaborative) do you think would be most appropriate for this situation? Why?
   • Discuss how you would use that model to arrive at a decision.
4. Evaluate Impacts: Consider the short-term and long-term impacts of choosing Proposal A versus Proposal B.
5. Make a Recommendation: As a group, decide which proposal you would recommend to the town council and why. Be prepared to justify your choice with clear reasoning.

Group Recommendation:

Reasoning: